If you are over 18 and have a valid driver's license of another country then you will most likely only need to complete a written (computerized) test to obtain a 6 year Chinese driver's license for a minimal fee.
You should go to the Shanghai Driver's Licensing Centre
Address: No. 179, Qinchun Road, Minhang District.
Office hours: 9:00 a.m. - 5:30 p.m. on Monday-Thursday; 
                   9:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. on Friday
Tel: 021-64987070